Amateur and professional
Sport can be undertaken on an
amateur, professional or semi-professional basis, depending on whether
participants are incentivised for participation (usually through payment .
The popularity of as a
recreation for non-participants has led to sport becoming a major business in
its own right, and this has incentivised a high paying culture, where high
performing participants are rewarded with pay far in excess of average wages,
which can run into millions of dollars.
Some sports, or individual
competitions within a sport, retain a policy of allowing only The started with
a principle of amateur competition with those who practiced a sport
professionally considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practiced
it merely as a hobby. Following the 1988 games, the IOC decided to make all
professional athletes eligible for the Olympics, with only still competed on an
“amateur” basis, although this revolves around rules, and not payment.
Popular phrase which covers the amateur
participation in sport at lower levels, normally without pretension towards
higher achievement, and is in line with the “sport for all” mentality, where
enjoyment is the primary reason for participation.
Technology
Technology plays an important part in modern
sport, with it being a necessary part of some sports (such as motorsport), and
used in others to improve performance.
is a widespread academic discipline, and can
be applied to areas including athlete performance, such as the use of video
analysis to fine tune technique, or to equipment, such as improved
emerged as a discipline in 1998 with an
increasing focus not just on materials design but also the use of technology in
sport.
In order to control the impact of technology
on fair play, governing bodies frequently have specific rules that are set to
control the impact of technical advantage between participants.
Sports and politics can influence each other
greatly.
The held inwas an, perhaps best
recognised in retrospect, where an ideology was developing which used the event
to strengthen its spread through propaganda. Berlin Olympics August 1936 is a
classical example of the symbiosis of the politics and sports. Berlin Olympics
propaganda value to the was high. The
Berlin Olympics August 1936 smoothed the way to the racist and the war. Germany
wanted to give of itself in the world and nationally a peaceful image while it
was very actively preparing the war. The games were used as shield to the
aggressive military goals. . The lack of human rights was a dark shadow. The
fascist were in power: In February 1933 10,000 work activists were taken in
prison. In April 1933 was the first. The was opened in 12.7.1936 near the
Olympic stadium. In total there were 200,000 persons in prison during its
operations.
When was the official policy in
, many sports people, particularly in adopte , the conscientious approach that
they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this was an
effective contribution to the eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid,
others feel that it may have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.
In the history of, Gaelic sports
were connected with. Until the mid 20th century a person (GAA) if she/he played or
supported , or other games seen to be of origin. Until recently the GAA
continued to ban the playing of football andat Gaelic venues. This ban is still
enforced, but was modified to allow football and rugby to be played in while
was redeveloped into. Until recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of
the British security forces and members of the from playing Gaelic games, but
the advent of the in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban.
often evident in the pursuit of sports, or in
its reporting: people compete in national teams, or commentators and audiences
can adopt a partisan view. On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent
confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the sporting venue, These trends are
seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sports being carried on
for its own sake and for the enjoyment of its participants.
A very famous case when sports
and politics collided was the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Masked men entered the
hotel of the Israeli olympic team and killed many of their men. This was known
as the
A study of US elections has
shown that the result of sports events can affect the results. A study
published in the showed that when the home team wins the game before the
election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5
percent. A loss had the opposite effect, and the effect is greater for
higher-profile teams or unexpected wins and losses. The study authors concluded
that the win made voters feel better about society, boosting votes for the
incumbent, while losses made voters feel worse, sending votes to the challenger.
No comments:
Post a Comment